Myostatin produced by the myostatin gene (a member of the TGF-beta family of genes) inhibits muscle growth. Eliminating the gene produces a muscle-doubling effect.
Myostatin inhibits the differentiation of myoblasts into mature muscle fibers. Mystatin acts on muscle tissue by binding the cell-bound activin type II receptor, and by inhibiting AKT, which is sufficient to induce muscular hypertrophy.
Myostatin inhibitors such as follistatin allow more muscle growth and are found in fertilized hens eggs, for instance.
Creatine is a myostatin inhibitor that decreases myostatin levels. Whey protein decreases myostatin levels most effectively when taken prior to a workout, rather than after.
Myostatin induces oxidative stress by producing ROS in skeletal muscle cells through tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) signaling via NF-kB and NADPH oxidase.
Modulation of reactive oxygen species in skeletal muscle by myostatin is mediated through NF-kB
Human myostatin negatively regulates human myoblast growth and differentiation, IGF-1 induces human mytotube hypertrophy by increasing cell recruitment,
Myostatin inhibits myoblast differentiation by down-regulating MyoD expression
Myostatin negatively regulates satellite cell activation and self-renewalMyostatin, a negative regulator of muscle growth, functions by inhibiting myoblast proliferation
Serum myostatin-immunoreactive protein is increased in 60-92 year old woman and men with muscle wasting