i.1. Theories of Aging and Avenues of Treatment
[Refs1.i,
Links/Theories of Aging,
Images,
Video,
Papers,
Patents,
Books,
Amazon,
LEF; Links/Anti-Aging Therapies,
Images,
Video,
Papers,
Patents,
Books,
Amazon,
LEF].
There are several main avenues of approach to
anti-aging therapies based on different
theories of aging or
model therapies described
in on-line journals on
biogerontology
and gerontology
[57], in popular
sources on anti-aging medicine
[57, Patents],
in anti-aging conferences
[82] and by
life extension experts [4,
Labs & Journals].
The life expectancy
problem, of course, appears in mortality charts
of deaths per thousand [Images].
i.2. Animals of Short and Long Life Span
[Links,
Images,
Video,
Papers,
Patents,
Books,
Amazon,
LifeExtension].
A bacterium may survive for a
bacterial life span as short as 20 minutes
[eHow,
Leonard Hayflick, p.216].
Interestingly, it takes E. Coli
20 minutes to produce a cell.
The adult mayfly
[Links,
Images] lives
from several hours to one day,
although its larval form develops for a year,
while the bristlecone pine
[Links,
Images,
Papers,
Books]
lives up to 5,000 years = 1.825 x 106 days.
Among mammals,
research suggests that the bowhead whale
(Balaena mysticetus,
or Greenland Right Whale)
may live up to 211 years
[>100 years].
The longest-lived animal with
the maximum life span,
however, was believed to be
Arctica islandica,
the ocean quahog clam,
which may survive more than 400 years.
Today, however, we find that
Turritopsis Nutricula
[Links,
Images,
Papers,
Books], which resembles a
Cthulhu Plushie
[Images], is a biologically
immortal lifeform
(when not eaten)
associated with an expanding terrestrial population. Some fish, like
the rainbow trout,
show negligible cellular senescence and have high
telomerase levels in their tissues.
i.3. The Biology of Senescent Cells
[Refs2.b,
Index/Senescence,
Links/Cellular Senscence,
Images,
Video,
Papers,
Patents,
Books,
Amazon,
LEF].
See also the
histology of senescent cells
[Books,
Wikipedia,
Links/microphotographs
of senescent cells,
Papers/microphotographs of
senescent cells,
Images/senescent cells,
Papers,
Books/pathology of senescent cells].
Cytogerontology
[Links,
Papers,
Aging Cell,
Molecular and Cellular Biology,
Journals], the science of
cellular aging,
originated in 1881 with the prediction by
August Weismann
that the somatic cells of higher
animals have
limited division potential,
a conjecture confirmed by Swim and Parker in 1957 and
Hayflick and Moorhead
in 1961 (7).
The first gerontological journal,
Zeitschrift fur Alternsforschung, appeared in 1939,
and the first paper on caloric restriction
as an anti-aging technique was published in 1915 by
Osborne and Mendel.
However, some reviewers prefer to cite
caloric restriction papers
from the 1930s by McKay [article],
and the subject is still prized
[Methuselah Mouse Award].
See also Biological Gerontology, or
Biogerontology
[Links,
Patents,
Books,
Amazon],
Molecular Gerontology
[Links,
Patents,
Books,
Amazon]
and Rejuvenation Research
[Links,
Papers,
Patents,
Books].
Today our goal is
life extension
with rejuvenation
[Links;
Links/cellular rejuvenation,
Patents,
Books]
included, to approach physical immortality,
which may emerge like powered flight
did in the 20th Century, ceasing only when we drop the discipline associated with
the Shangri-La science zone
where its methods and materials are available.
Instead of Wilbur and Orville Wright, we have
Woodring E. Wright and Jerry W. Shay
for telomere pioneers, now formatted for the high flight of
Life Extension as
The First Men in the Moon,
accompanied, perhaps, by Lasker Award winner and
2009 Nobel Prize in Medicine winner
Elizabeth Blackburn
to the right, born in
Tasmania.
Don't miss Jerry W. Shay and Woodring E. Wright's
great background piece
Hayflick, his limit,
and cellular ageing and
the Nobel Prize Winner's essay Telomeres and Telomerase:
the path from maize, Tetrahymena, and yeast to human cancer and aging
by Elizabeth H. Blackburn,
Carol W. Greider, and
Jack W. Szostak.
Some of the most exciting recent papers include
Telomeres and Aging
by Geraldine Aubert and
Peter M. Lansdorp in
Physiological Reviews 88: 557-579,
2008 and Telomeres and telomerase
in adrenocortical tissue maintenance, carcinogenesis, and aging by
Tobias Else in the
Journal of
Molecular Endocrinology, (2009) 43, 131-141.
i.4. Anti-Aging Treatment Drugs and - Dosages
[Links,
Images,
Video,
Papers,
Patents,
Books,
Amazon,
LEF].
For typical dosages of anti-aging medicines
useful in an optimum program,
see Dosages [62s],
Telomerase Activation Sciences, and
telomere remodeling with cyclic telomerase activation
using off-the-shelf astragalus extracts featuring
astragalosides and
astragalus polysaccharides,
or new, chemically pure telomerase activators
[List]
like TA-65,
cycloastragenol in
Astral-Fruit NF
from RevGenetics,
astragaloside IV formulations
from Terraternal, and
astragaloside IV plus
vitamin D
from Medicinal Nutraceutics
as Maximum
Telomere Support.
See Age Transformation for the expected results
of our program for senescent cell
recovery to the youthful phenotype via
telomerase activation
(7)
and notes on observed progress. A tremendous amount of relevant material may be searched at
Life Extension Magazine, which also provides a fine line of products to support
their professional array of educational papers for the public.
IAAS (International Anti-
Aging Systems) is also very informative with a fine set of European products, and
The American Academy of Anti-Aging
Medicine (A4M),
ARC, and Cambridge University's
Immortality Institute (ImmInst) also provide searchable
resources and forums for discussion on these topics, as do the many Journals
for medical professionals and bioscientists.
